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Internals

Objects​

.git/objects is immutable, .git/refs is mutable.

blob持有文件的内容,树对象是一个包含blob对象和子树对象的目录列表. 提交对象是工作目录的一个快照, 包含了一些像时间或提交信息这样的元数据. 分支是提交对象的命名引用. 工作目录是一个目录, 有着相应的仓库, 暂存区(索引)为下一个提交对象持有对应的树对象, 而仓库就是一个提交对象的集合.

Git Objects

git hash-object 创建blob对象
git cat-file -t
git cat-file -p
git update-index --add --cache-info 将文件添加至暂存区
git write-tree 创建tree对象
git commit-tree 创建commit对象

$ git hash-object -w --stdin
Hello, world!
af5626b4a114abcb82d63db7c8082c3c4756e51b

$ git cat-file -t af5626b4a114abcb82d63db7c8082c3c4756e51b
blob

$ git cat-file -p af5626b4a114abcb82d63db7c8082c3c4756e51b
Hello, world!
# -w for write into codebase,
# --stdin for reading from stdin not file
echo 'test content' | git hash-object -w --stdin
git cat-file -p <object-hash-number>
#!/bin/bash

function separator() {
    for i in {1..20}
    do
        printf "-"
    done
    printf $1
    for i in {1..20}
    do
        printf "-"
    done
    printf "\n"
}

function git_object_type() {
    printf "type => "
    git cat-file -t $1
    for i in {1..40}
    do
        printf "-"
    done
    printf "\n"
}

function git_object_content() {
    git cat-file -p $1
}

function print_git_objects() {
    files=$(git rev-list --parents --objects HEAD | awk '{print $1}')
    index=0

    for file in $files
    do
        len=$(expr length "$file")

        if [ $len -gt 30 ]
        then
            index=$(expr $index + 1)
            separator $index
            echo $file
            git_object_type $file
            git_object_content $file
        fi
    done
}

print_git_objects

Packfiles​

Each *.pack file in .git/objects/pack/ is called a packfile. Packfiles store multiple objects in compressed forms.

The pack-index .idx operates like a query index that speeds up read queries that rely on the primary key (object ID).

Git Packfile

Add​

  • create blob objects: contains content of files
  • add files to index list (.git/index)

Commit​

  • create tree objects: each object represent a directory, contains blob object refs in this directory
  • create commit object: contains root tree object hash number and parent commit object hash number

Checkout​

git checkout <commit-hash-id>
  • get commit object by commit hash id
  • get root tree object in commit object
  • write file entries by root tree object (tree graph)
  • write .git/index
  • set HEAD to that commit (detached HEAD state)
// Get file commit history
const Git = require('nodegit')

let repo

Git.Repository.open(path.resolve('./.git'))
  .then((r) => {
    repo = r
    return repo.getMasterCommit()
  })
  .then((firstCommitOnMaster) => {
    const walker = repo.createRevWalk()
    walker.push(firstCommitOnMaster.sha())
    walker.sorting(Git.Revwalk.SORT.Time)

    return walker.fileHistoryWalk(historyFile, 2)
  })
  .then((resultingArrayOfCommits) => {
    if (resultingArrayOfCommits.length > 0) {
      const commit = resultingArrayOfCommits[0].commit
      const date = commit.date()
    }
  })

function getGitLastUpdatedTimeStamp(filePath) {
  let lastUpdated = 0

  try {
    lastUpdated
      = Number.parseInt(
        spawn
          .sync('git', ['log', '-1', '--format=%at', path.basename(filePath)], {
            cwd: path.dirname(filePath),
          })
          .stdout.toString('utf-8')
      ) * 1000
  } catch (e) {
    /* do not handle for now */
  }

  return lastUpdated
}

Merge​

git merge <giver-branch>/<giver-commit>
  • write giver commit hash to .git/MERGE_HEAD
  • find base commit (the most recent common ancestor commit)
  • diff and apply according to base commit, giver commit, receiver commit
  • do what git checkout do
  • remove .git/MERGE_HEAD

Fetch​

  • get hash of remote commit and its root tree object
  • copy all diff objects in tree graph into .git/objects
  • update .git/refs/remotes/origin/<branch>, set .git/FETCH_HEAD to it

Clone​

git init + git remote add origin <repo-url> + git pull origin

Push​

  • apply commit to remote repo
  • update remote repo .git/refs/heads/<branch> to new commit
  • update local repo .git/refs/remotes/origin/<branch> to new commit

Branch​

  • HEAD -> refs/heads/master -> commit object
  • branches are just refs, refs are just files (contain commit hash id)