- Internet - Internet architecture, layers, and delay
- TCP - Transmission Control Protocol, flow control, and congestion
- UDP - User Datagram Protocol and performance
- IP - Internet Protocol, addressing, and ICMP
- HTTP - HTTP/1.x connections, messages, and status codes
- HTTP 2 - HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 multiplexing and QUIC
- HTTPS - TLS encryption, certificate workflow, and CORS
- TLS - Transport Layer Security and performance
- Ethernet - MAC addressing, switches, and ARP
- Toolchain - Network commands, certificates, firewall, and connectivity